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| Kerrie Blaise |
Rebuked by conservation ecologists and experts for the lack of scientific justification, the hunt poses three distinct legal ramifications, each representing a significant departure from Ontario and Canada’s wildlife laws and best practices.
First, the Ontario’s Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act (FWCA) prohibits having a loaded firearm in a motorboat. However, amendments to the Act’s regulations now permit those hunting cormorants to use a shotgun (of not more than 10 gauge) from a stationary motorboat. This is a notable departure from recognized wildlife management principles that wherever possible, human activities should be managed to avoid or minimize conflicts with wild animals. The potential for human-wildlife conflict in this instance is high, as cormorants nest in areas which are also popular cottage, camping and paddling destinations.
Second, the hunt originates with the Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry (MNRF), who is mandated with sustainably managing Ontario’s fish and wildlife resources. However, as noted in an open letter to the MNRF penned by many conservation biologists and fisheries scientists, the province has not provided any scientifically backed rationale for why a provincewide hunt is necessary instead of more localized or targeted management approaches.
While the hunt was announced on the basis it would “protect fish stocks and natural habitat from the harmful impacts of double-crested cormorants,” the amendments have not established mechanisms for monitoring whether the purported benefits to potentially preyed upon fish populations will be achieved. Of equal concern, the province has not set population objectives for cormorants, thus providing no safeguards for a minimum population level. As the signatories to the open letter illustrate, the estimated breeding population of cormorants in Ontario could be extinguished if 0.5 per cent of all small game hunters were to reach the daily 15 cormorants per day bag limit for just 10 of the allowable 106-day hunt.
Third, the joint Canada-US Migratory Bird Convention Act, 1994 (MBCA) prohibits the hunting of migratory birds and destruction to their nest sites or habitat. While cormorants are not among the birds protected under the Act, Ontario’s provincial bird — the common loon — as well as the neotropic cormorant, and anhinga are, and due to their similar appearance may experience collateral harm from the cormorant hunt. Unless a hunter has the requisite permits to hunt or harm a migratory bird, incidental killing of listed migratory birds would be a violation of the MBCA. Further, while the MBCA requires permit holders to report the number of birds killed, equivalent reporting requirements do not exist in the FWCA and nor were they incorporated as part of the changes to Ontario’s wildlife regulations.
For many Ontarians, observing cormorants in numbers often in the hundreds or thousands is viewed as alarming or unnatural and legitimates the need for the hunt. However, cormorants by nature nest in colonies thousands of pairs strong, typically on islands and usually on big lakes. Localized concentrations of cormorants and guano from nests can smother and kill the understory vegetation. However, the death of trees in cormorant colonies is a natural process and is part of the ecology which contributes to the biodiversity of the Great Lakes inshore region.
It must also be recalled that cormorants were nearly extinct in the 1970s, due to widespread culling which commenced in the 1950s and subsequent eggshell thinning, caused by persistent organic pollutants like DDT. The corresponding loss of large predatory fish in the Great Lakes and inland lakes because of overfishing and pollution also increased the levels of smaller fish such as alewife, the cormorant’s favoured food source.
Proceeding with a hunt under the guise of protecting fisheries or fish populations distracts us from the primary threats to our Great Lakes and inland lake ecosystems, which remains habitat degradation and invasive species. It also undermines the legitimacy of our wildlife laws, as the cormorant hunt signals the province’s willingness to enact regulatory changes based on perceptions of harm and not scientific bases. The recovery of a once near-extinct species should be a celebrated as a conservation success story. Instead, the cormorant hunt is the most recent indication that our laws aimed at wildlife and environmental protection do not have at their core, ecologically justified and transparent rationales which further sustainability.
Kerrie Blaise is an environmental lawyer based in Northern Ontario. She has a master of science and previously studied the double-crested cormorant under the supervision of Dr. Gail Fraser at York University.
Photo credit / piranjya ISTOCKPHOTO.COM
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