By Janice Martell ( July 3, 2018, 1:23 PM EDT) -- In response to World War II-era human experimentation atrocities, the Nuremberg Code restated the essential requirements for the legitimate, ethical conduct of experiments involving human clinical subjects. The first and most critical element is the voluntary, fully informed consent of the human subject, in the absence of coercion, duress, force or deceit. The human subject must also be free to withdraw from participation in the experiment at any time. These ethical principles were not followed during a human experiment involving tens of thousands of miners and factory workers in a compulsory aluminum dust inhalation program that spanned nearly four decades in Canada and internationally....